24/7 emergency nephrology
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Secunderabad — Sudden Kidney Failure That Can Often Be Reversed
This is a medical emergency page. If a patient has stopped producing urine, is becoming confused, has severe breathlessness, or is known to have kidney disease and is acutely unwell — go to KIMS Emergency immediately on 040 - 44885000. Do not wait to read this page.
If you or someone you care for has been told their kidneys have suddenly stopped working — or if a blood test has shown a rapid rise in creatinine over the past few days — the most important thing to know is this: acute kidney injury is not the same as chronic kidney disease. Unlike CKD, where kidney damage builds up slowly and irreversibly over years, AKI is a sudden event. And when it is identified quickly and treated by the right team, kidney function often recovers fully. Prompt specialist involvement is what determines the outcome.
At KIMS Secunderabad, our nephrology and critical care teams manage AKI around the clock — including Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) for the most critically ill ICU patients who cannot tolerate standard dialysis. If your relative is in an ICU with AKI, or if you have been told you need emergency dialysis, KIMS has the team, the equipment, and the 24-hour availability to manage it.
At a glance
Condition
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) — also called Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
What it is
Sudden, rapid decline in kidney function occurring over hours or days — very different from CKD, which takes years
★ Critical distinction
AKI CAN OFTEN BE FULLY REVERSED — if the cause is identified and treated promptly. This is the key difference from chronic kidney disease.
Common causes
Sepsis (blood infection) · Severe dehydration · Major surgery · Toxic medications · Contrast dye · Obstruction (blocked ureter or prostate) · Crush injury
Specialist at KIMS
Nephrologist + Critical Care Team — KIMS Secunderabad
Emergency treatment
CRRT (Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy) for ICU patients · 24/7 emergency haemodialysis
KIMS lab speed
Creatinine, electrolytes, ABG results from NABL-accredited lab — rapid turnaround for emergency cases
Emergency contact
040 - 44885000 — 24 hours, 7 days · Go to KIMS Emergency if patient is confused, breathless, or making no urine
★ Best long-term outcome
Kidney transplant — better survival, better quality of life, and freedom from dialysis sessions. Eligible patients are encouraged to pursue transplant evaluation early.
KIMS transplant programme
1,500+ kidney transplants · Live donor · Cadaveric · ABO-incompatible · Paediatric · NOTTO & TSTA registered
24/7 emergency dialysis
Round-the-clock haemodialysis + CRRT (ICU dialysis) available at KIMS Secunderabad
Home dialysis
CAPD training programme — learn to dialyse at home with KIMS support
ABO-incompatible
Fewer than 20 centres in South India offer this — transplants across blood group barriers
Insurance
Aarogyasri (PMJAY) · CGHS · EHS · All major private insurance
Appointments
040 - 44885000 · assistance@kimshospitals.com — respond within 24 hours
What is Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)? How is it different from chronic kidney disease?
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a sudden, rapid decline in kidney function — typically defined as a rise in serum creatinine of 0.3 mg/dL or more within 48 hours, or a 1.5-fold increase in creatinine from baseline within 7 days. This rise reflects the kidneys' sudden inability to filter waste, regulate electrolytes, and control fluid balance.
AKI vs CKD — the essential distinction: CKD develops silently over months or years and causes permanent, progressive kidney damage. AKI arrives suddenly, over hours or days. The critical difference: AKI kidneys have not been permanently destroyed — they have been acutely stressed by a specific injury or insult. Remove or treat that insult, and the kidneys can often recover fully. Early treatment is what makes recovery possible.
AKI is staged using the KDIGO (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes) classification into three stages based on the degree of creatinine rise and urine output reduction. Stage 1 is mild — often manageable with conservative measures. Stage 3 is severe — often requiring dialysis support while the underlying cause is treated. Even Stage 3 AKI can recover fully with appropriate management.
What causes AKI? The three categories
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is classified based on where the problem starts — before the kidney (pre-renal), within the kidney itself (intrinsic renal), or after the kidney due to obstruction (post-renal). Correct identification is the first step in treatment because management differs completely in each category.
Pre-renal AKI (most common — 60–70% of cases)
Cause: Inadequate blood flow to the kidneys due to severe dehydration, sepsis (blood infection), heart failure, massive bleeding, burns, severe diarrhoea/vomiting, or drugs like NSAIDs and ACE inhibitors that reduce renal perfusion. Treatment: Restore blood volume and blood pressure using IV fluids. Treat the underlying cause such as antibiotics for sepsis or vasopressors for shock. Kidney function often recovers completely once perfusion is restored.
Intrinsic renal AKI (damage within the kidney)
Cause: Direct injury to kidney tissue including Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) due to prolonged low blood flow or nephrotoxic drugs (contrast dye, aminoglycosides, NSAIDs), Glomerulonephritis (immune attack on kidney filters), Vasculitis, Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (HUS), and rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown releasing myoglobin). Treatment: Remove the cause immediately. Stop nephrotoxic drugs. Immunosuppression for immune-mediated disease. Supportive dialysis (CRRT or intermittent haemodialysis) until recovery. Kidney biopsy may be required if diagnosis is unclear.
Post-renal AKI (obstruction — least common)
Cause: Blockage of urine outflow including bilateral ureteric obstruction (stones, tumours, fibrosis), bladder outlet obstruction (prostate enlargement or bladder tumour), or neurogenic bladder. Treatment: Immediate relief of obstruction — urinary catheter for bladder outlet obstruction or nephrostomy tubes / ureteric stents for upper tract obstruction. Kidney function often improves rapidly once drainage is restored.
Signs and symptoms — when to seek emergency care
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) symptoms reflect sudden loss of kidney function. They develop over hours to days and can progress rapidly. These symptoms are different from chronic kidney disease because they appear suddenly and require urgent treatment.
Dramatically reduced urine output — or no urine at all (oliguria or anuria)
Rapid swelling of the legs, ankles, face, and around the eyes due to acute fluid retention
Severe breathlessness at rest or minimal exertion due to fluid accumulation in the lungs (pulmonary oedema)
Confusion, drowsiness, or difficulty staying awake due to uraemic encephalopathy
Nausea, vomiting, and complete loss of appetite due to sudden uraemic toxin build-up
Chest pain in severe cases due to uraemic pericarditis (inflammation around the heart)
Muscle weakness due to rapidly rising potassium levels (hyperkalaemia)
Irregular heart rhythm due to severe hyperkalaemia affecting cardiac conduction
AKI IS A MEDICAL EMERGENCY If a patient stops passing urine, becomes confused or unresponsive, develops severe breathlessness, or has potassium levels above 6.5 mmol/L, immediate emergency care is required. Severe hyperkalaemia can lead to cardiac arrest within hours.
The three treatment options for kidney failure at KIMS
Kidney failure is a permanent condition — the kidneys do not recover at ESRD. But life continues — and with the right treatment, it can continue well. Every patient with ESRD must choose between three forms of renal replacement therapy. At KIMS, all three are available within the same institute, managed by the same team, without any need to transfer to a different hospital.
Option 1 — Haemodialysis (HD)
Haemodialysis is the most common form of dialysis worldwide. During a session, blood is drawn from the body through a vascular access point (an AV fistula in the arm — or, in the early stages, a tunnelled catheter), passed through a dialysis machine that filters waste and excess fluid, and returned to the body. Each session takes 3 to 5 hours. Most patients require three sessions per week. The KIMS Dialysis Centre in Secunderabad operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. We have dedicated hepatitis B-segregated bays, certified reverse osmosis water treatment, strict single-use disposables policy, and NABL-accredited water quality monitoring. Bedside dialysis is available for patients who cannot be safely moved to the dialysis unit. Emergency dialysis is available at any hour without prior appointment. What life on haemodialysis looks like: Three visits to KIMS per week, each lasting 3–5 hours. Strict fluid restriction between sessions (typically 1–1.5 litres total daily). Dietary restrictions — low potassium, low phosphate, controlled protein. Regular blood tests to monitor toxin clearance and adjust the dialysis prescription. With well-managed dialysis, patients can work, travel, and live active lives — though the schedule requires adaptation.
Option 2 — Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) — dialysis from home
Peritoneal dialysis uses the body's own peritoneal membrane — the lining of the abdomen — as a natural filter. A soft tube (Tenckhoff catheter) is placed through the abdominal wall under local anaesthesia. A sterile dialysis fluid is infused into the abdomen through this tube, allowed to sit for a dwell period while waste crosses from the blood into the fluid, then drained out and replaced. This cycle is performed 4 times per day (CAPD — Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis) or automatically overnight by a machine (APD — Automated Peritoneal Dialysis). The major advantage of peritoneal dialysis is independence. Once trained at KIMS — a process that typically takes 1 to 2 weeks of supervised sessions — the patient performs dialysis at home, on their own schedule, without hospital visits. KIMS provides ongoing nursing support, 24-hour emergency phone access, regular outpatient reviews, and home visits during the training period. For patients who live far from a dialysis centre, or who value independence and flexibility in their daily life, peritoneal dialysis is a medically equivalent alternative to haemodialysis with significant quality-of-life advantages.
Option 3 — Kidney Transplant ★ Best long-term outcome
Kidney transplant is the optimal treatment for eligible patients with ESRD — providing better survival, better quality of life, freedom from dialysis sessions, and better long-term outcomes than either form of dialysis. KIMS is one of South India's most experienced kidney transplant centres, having performed over 1,500 transplants — including cases that most centres in the region cannot offer. In a kidney transplant, a healthy kidney from a donor is surgically placed in the recipient's lower abdomen, where it begins filtering the blood. The original failed kidneys are left in place in most cases. The new kidney's ureter is connected directly to the recipient's bladder. Most transplanted kidneys begin producing urine within minutes to hours of being connected to the blood supply. Live donor transplant: A family member — parent, sibling, spouse, or adult child — donates one healthy kidney. The donor retains full kidney function with their remaining kidney. Live donor kidneys begin working immediately after transplant and have the best long-term outcomes. The donor undergoes thorough independent medical and psychosocial evaluation at KIMS. Cadaveric (deceased donor) transplant: A kidney from a brain-dead donor is retrieved, matched using blood group and tissue typing, and transplanted. KIMS is NOTTO-registered and TSTA-empanelled, participating in the national organ sharing network. Patients are placed on the waiting list after full evaluation. ABO-incompatible transplant: KIMS is one of fewer than 20 centres in South India performing transplants across blood group barriers. Using desensitisation (plasmapheresis to remove incompatible antibodies, followed by immunotherapy), patients who have willing family donors but incompatible blood groups can still receive a transplant. This opens transplantation to patients who would otherwise have no eligible donor.
How AKI is diagnosed at KIMS Secunderabad
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is diagnosed using blood tests, urine tests, and imaging studies. At KIMS Secunderabad, our NABL-accredited laboratory provides rapid turnaround for emergency samples — including creatinine, electrolytes, and arterial blood gas (ABG) — within 30 minutes for critical cases.
Serum creatinine and eGFR — primary markers of kidney filtration. A rising creatinine confirms AKI and helps assess severity.
Urine output monitoring — oliguria (less than 0.5 ml/kg/hour for 6 hours) is a key diagnostic and staging criterion.
Serum electrolytes — especially potassium (dangerous in hyperkalaemia), sodium, bicarbonate, calcium, and phosphate levels.
Full blood count — evaluates infection, anaemia, or haemolysis contributing to kidney injury.
Urine microscopy — detects casts and cellular debris that help identify the type of AKI, especially tubular injury.
Renal ultrasound — assesses kidney size, detects hydronephrosis, and rules out post-renal obstruction.
Kidney biopsy — performed when diagnosis remains unclear; helps identify immune-mediated or intrinsic kidney disease. Done under ultrasound guidance at KIMS.
Sepsis screen — includes blood cultures, urine cultures, chest X-ray, and inflammatory markers when infection is suspected trigger.
How AKI is treated at KIMS Secunderabad
AKI treatment has two parallel goals — treating the underlying cause (so the kidneys can recover) and providing supportive care while they do. At KIMS, the nephrology team works directly alongside the intensive care team, so both goals are addressed simultaneously.
1 — Identify and treat the cause urgently
Pre-renal AKI from dehydration or sepsis: aggressive IV fluid resuscitation to restore kidney blood flow. The type and volume of fluid is carefully chosen — too little fails to restore perfusion, too much causes dangerous fluid overload in an already-stressed kidney. In sepsis, antibiotics are started immediately alongside fluid resuscitation. Nephrotoxin removal: any drug or substance causing kidney injury is stopped immediately. This includes contrast dye (after CT scans), aminoglycoside antibiotics, NSAIDs (ibuprofen, diclofenac, ketorolac), and ACE inhibitors in the context of acute illness. The KIMS nephrology team reviews every patient's medication list on admission and removes or substitutes any nephrotoxic agent. Immune-mediated AKI (glomerulonephritis, vasculitis): immunosuppressive treatment — typically high-dose steroids, with cyclophosphamide or rituximab for specific vasculitic causes — is started based on clinical assessment and confirmed by kidney biopsy where needed. These conditions can cause devastating and rapid kidney destruction if left untreated — prompt diagnosis and treatment is critical. Post-renal obstruction: urgent bladder catheterisation for bladder outlet obstruction (enlarged prostate), or nephrostomy tubes/ureteric stents placed by our interventional radiology team for ureteric obstruction. Post-obstructive diuresis — a large flow of urine as the kidneys decompress — requires careful fluid management in the hours after obstruction is relieved.
2 — Manage AKI complications while the kidneys recover
Hyperkalaemia (high potassium): The most dangerous AKI complication. Potassium above 6.0 mmol/L causes cardiac arrhythmias; above 6.5 mmol/L, it can cause cardiac arrest. At KIMS, hyperkalaemia is managed with calcium gluconate (immediate cardiac membrane stabilisation), insulin and dextrose (drives potassium into cells), sodium bicarbonate, potassium binders, and dialysis for refractory cases or when potassium cannot be controlled medically. Fluid overload: In oliguric AKI, the patient cannot excrete excess fluid — leading to pulmonary oedema (fluid in the lungs) and hypertension. Managed with careful fluid restriction, diuretic therapy where the kidneys still respond, and dialysis for fluid removal when medical measures fail. Metabolic acidosis: Failing kidneys cannot excrete acid. Treated with sodium bicarbonate and, in severe cases, with dialysis to correct the pH. Uraemia: As waste products accumulate, patients develop nausea, confusion, and pericarditis (inflammation of the heart lining). Severe uraemia is one of the indications for emergency dialysis.
3 — Dialysis support for AKI — when is it needed?
Not all AKI patients need dialysis — many recover with treatment of the underlying cause and supportive management alone. Dialysis is initiated when any of the following are present and cannot be controlled medically: severe hyperkalaemia (potassium above 6.5 mmol/L), severe pulmonary oedema, severe metabolic acidosis (pH below 7.1), severe uraemia causing symptoms (confusion, pericarditis, bleeding tendency), or when the kidneys have completely stopped producing urine with no response to fluid resuscitation. CRRT — KIMS's 24/7 critical care dialysis capability. CRRT (Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy) is a slow, gentle form of continuous dialysis specifically designed for haemodynamically unstable ICU patients — those whose blood pressure is too low or too unstable to tolerate the rapid fluid and electrolyte shifts of conventional haemodialysis. KIMS provides CRRT 24 hours a day as part of our ICU renal support programme. This is one of the few capabilities in Telangana available around the clock.
Will the kidneys recover? Understanding AKI prognosis
Whether and how fully the kidneys recover from AKI depends on three factors: the cause, the severity, and how quickly treatment is started.
Pre-renal AKI from sepsis or dehydration: kidney function typically recovers completely within days to weeks once blood pressure and fluid balance are restored. Many patients leave hospital with normal creatinine. Post-renal AKI from obstruction: rapid and often complete recovery after the obstruction is relieved. Intrinsic AKI (ATN from nephrotoxins or ischaemia): partial or complete recovery over days to weeks — the kidneys have sustained actual cell damage but can regenerate tubular cells given time and supportive care. AKI from severe vasculitis or glomerulonephritis: recovery depends on how quickly immunosuppression is started — delay causes permanent damage.
The most important variable in AKI recovery is time. Every hour of delay between the onset of AKI and effective treatment reduces the chance of full kidney recovery. This is the clinical reason that 24/7 emergency nephrology access — the kind KIMS provides — directly affects patient outcomes.
After AKI — long-term monitoring and CKD risk
Patients who have had an episode of AKI — even one that appeared to recover fully — have an increased risk of developing CKD in the future. The damaged kidney tissue may have subtle scarring that is not apparent on early blood tests but that reduces long-term kidney reserve. At KIMS, all patients discharged after AKI are enrolled in a structured follow-up programme.
Dramatically reduced urine output — or no urine at all (oliguria or anuria)
Rapid swelling of the legs, ankles, face, and around the eyes due to acute fluid retention
Severe breathlessness at rest or minimal exertion due to fluid accumulation in the lungs (pulmonary oedema)
Confusion, drowsiness, or difficulty staying awake due to uraemic encephalopathy
Nausea, vomiting, and complete loss of appetite due to sudden uraemic toxin build-up
Chest pain in severe cases due to uraemic pericarditis (inflammation around the heart)
Muscle weakness due to rapidly rising potassium levels (hyperkalaemia)
Irregular heart rhythm due to severe hyperkalaemia affecting cardiac conduction
If you or a family member has been discharged after AKI and has NOT had a kidney function check within 3 months — please book a review at KIMS now. Missed follow-up after AKI is the most common reason a patient who appeared to recover fully later develops CKD. The 3-month check is essential.
Start Kidney Failure Care at KIMS
Why choose KIMS Secunderabad for AKI care?
KIMS provides round-the-clock, ICU-integrated acute kidney injury care — where timing, coordination, and critical care capability directly determine outcomes.
24/7 emergency nephrology — no waiting until morning
AKI complications — severe hyperkalaemia, pulmonary oedema, uraemic encephalopathy — develop at any hour. KIMS provides round-the-clock emergency nephrology coverage, including immediate CRRT initiation for critically ill ICU patients. Delay in AKI treatment is directly associated with worse outcomes.
CRRT for haemodynamically unstable ICU patients
KIMS operates CRRT continuously — 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. For septic, post-surgical, or multi-organ failure patients whose blood pressure cannot tolerate conventional dialysis, CRRT provides gentle, continuous kidney support without haemodynamic stress. This capability is not available at all hours at every centre in Hyderabad.
Dr. E. Ravi — critical care nephrology expertise
Dr. E. Ravi, Senior Consultant Nephrologist and Transplant Physician at KIMS Secunderabad, has specific expertise in interventional and critical care nephrology — including tunnelled catheter insertion, CRRT management, and complex AKI from immune-mediated causes. DM Nephrology, ranked first statewide.
NABL-accredited laboratory — rapid results
AKI management decisions — when to start dialysis, when to adjust fluid balance, when to treat hyperkalaemia — depend entirely on laboratory results. KIMS's NABL-accredited laboratory provides validated, accurate creatinine and electrolyte results with urgent turnaround. A wrong potassium result in AKI can be fatal.
Full specialist integration — one campus
AKI rarely occurs in isolation — it develops in patients with sepsis, heart failure, liver disease, or surgical complications. KIMS Secunderabad is a 1,000-bed hospital with cardiology, ICU, endocrinology, and surgical teams immediately accessible. The nephrology team works in direct coordination with all specialties.
Our acute kidney injury specialists at KIMS Secunderabad
Our nephrology team provides 24/7 emergency care for acute kidney injury (AKI), including CRRT, emergency dialysis, and management of sepsis-related kidney failure — ensuring rapid intervention and continuity of care in critical situations.
Frequently Asked Questions
Yes — AKI can often be fully reversed, which is the key clinical distinction from chronic kidney disease. Whether and how fully the kidneys recover depends on the cause (pre-renal AKI from dehydration or sepsis has the best recovery rates), how quickly treatment starts (every hour of delay reduces recovery potential), and the severity at presentation. Pre-renal AKI and post-obstructive AKI often recover completely within days to weeks. AKI from nephrotoxic drugs (contrast, aminoglycosides, NSAIDs) recovers over weeks as the tubular cells regenerate. AKI from severe glomerulonephritis may leave some permanent damage if treatment is delayed. At KIMS Secunderabad, our 24/7 emergency nephrology team and CRRT capability means treatment starts at any hour without delay.
AKI (Acute Kidney Injury) is a sudden, rapid decline in kidney function occurring over hours to days — triggered by a specific cause such as sepsis, dehydration, or a nephrotoxic drug. It is often reversible. CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) is a slow, gradual, and permanent loss of kidney function developing over months or years — most commonly caused by diabetes or hypertension. CKD is not reversible, though its progression can be slowed. A patient with AKI may recover completely and have normal kidney function. A patient with CKD has permanent, ongoing damage. AKI can also occur on top of pre-existing CKD ('AKI on CKD'), which requires particularly careful management at KIMS.
The three most immediately life-threatening complications of AKI are: (1) Severe hyperkalaemia — dangerously high potassium levels that cause cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Potassium above 6.5 mmol/L with ECG changes is a medical emergency. (2) Pulmonary oedema — fluid accumulating in the lungs causing severe breathlessness and oxygen failure, requiring urgent dialysis for fluid removal. (3) Severe uraemia — the accumulation of waste products causing confusion, seizures, pericarditis (inflammation around the heart), and bleeding tendency. All three are managed by the KIMS emergency nephrology team at any hour — CRRT is available 24/7 for haemodynamically unstable patients.
Recovery time from AKI varies by cause and severity. Pre-renal AKI from dehydration: kidney function often recovers within 24 to 72 hours of adequate fluid resuscitation. Pre-renal AKI from sepsis: recovery over days to 2 weeks as the infection is controlled. AKI from nephrotoxic drugs (contrast dye, antibiotics, NSAIDs): tubular cell regeneration takes 1 to 4 weeks — creatinine falls gradually during this period. Severe AKI requiring dialysis: dialysis dependence may last days to weeks. Many patients are eventually able to stop dialysis as the kidneys recover. A minority develop permanent kidney damage requiring long-term dialysis — the factor that most determines this is how quickly treatment was initiated.
After recovering from AKI, every patient should have a kidney function blood test (creatinine and eGFR) at 3 months post-discharge — even if they were told the kidneys had recovered. This is because subtle residual damage may not show on early tests but becomes apparent at 3 months. If the eGFR at 3 months is below 60, formal CKD management should begin. You should also return to KIMS immediately if you experience: reduced urine output, leg swelling, breathlessness, extreme fatigue, or any acute illness that could stress the kidneys (infection, severe diarrhoea, dehydration, or starting a new medication). KIMS enrolls all post-AKI patients in a structured follow-up programme.
Not necessarily — this is one of the most important reassurances for AKI patients and their families. Dialysis during AKI is supportive — it keeps the patient alive and stable while the kidneys have time to recover. Once the underlying cause of AKI is treated and the kidneys begin to regenerate, dialysis can often be stopped. At KIMS, we assess kidney recovery every 48 to 72 hours in AKI patients on dialysis — checking for signs of returning urine output and falling creatinine — and wean off dialysis as soon as recovery allows. A minority of patients with very severe AKI do not recover enough kidney function to stop dialysis — these patients are then managed as ESRD. But dialysis in AKI is emphatically not automatically permanent.
After an episode of AKI, certain medications carry a higher risk of triggering another episode because they reduce kidney blood flow or directly damage kidney cells. The most important ones to discuss with your KIMS nephrologist before (re)starting are: NSAIDs (ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, ketorolac) — these are available without prescription and are among the most common causes of AKI; ACE inhibitors and ARBs — normally kidney-protective, but dangerous during acute illness causing dehydration; contrast dye for CT scans — always inform the radiology team of your AKI history so pre-hydration can be arranged; aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin, amikacin) — important antibiotics that are nephrotoxic at high doses. Your KIMS nephrologist will provide a personalised medication review at your follow-up appointment.
KIMS Secunderabad provides round-the-clock emergency nephrology coverage — including immediate CRRT (Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy) for haemodynamically unstable ICU patients. The KIMS emergency department is available 24 hours, and our nephrology consultants are accessible for urgent in-patient consultations at any hour. Dr. E. Ravi, Senior Consultant Nephrologist at KIMS with specific expertise in critical care nephrology, leads the acute nephrology team. KIMS also has a NABL-accredited laboratory providing urgent creatinine and electrolyte results within 30 minutes for emergency cases. Call 040 - 44885000 at any hour.